The ten-nautical-mile limit in a procedure turn is measured from the procedure turn fix - almost always the IAF - not the airport, a distinction that defines the edge of protected airspace.
TowerThe FAA decommissioned roughly 270 VOR stations to build a GPS-independent IFR backup network - but it only works if pilots can still fly raw VOR approaches.
TowerVFR pilots entering IMC have an average of 178 seconds before loss of control - understand the physiology, the procedure, and the decisions that determine survival.
PatternA vacuum pump failure in IMC is survivable if you recognize it early and know how to fly partial panel - but the failure begins before most pilots notice it.
PatternOn September 24, 1929, Jimmy Doolittle flew a complete circuit under a canvas hood at Mitchel Field - the first fully blind flight, and the foundation of every IFR approach flown since.
TaildraggerCRAFT - Clearance limit, Route, Altitude, Frequency, Transponder - is the five-part structure behind every IFR clearance, and knowing each element is essential before your first instrument departure.
TowerOn September 24, 1929, Jimmy Doolittle completed the first fully instrument-guided flight under a canvas hood at Mitchel Field, proving blind flight could be a system, not a stunt.
TaildraggerOn a back course, a raw CDI reverse-senses - fly away from the needle; set the front course on an HSI and it flies normally.
TowerThe story of Harold Gillam, the Alaska bush pilot who mastered instrument flight and flew through weather that grounded everyone else.
TaildraggerYes - you can fly a visual go-around off an instrument approach, as long as you communicate and square away your IFR clearance first.
TowerHow Jimmy Doolittle's 15-minute blind flight in 1929 invented instrument flying and changed aviation forever.
TaildraggerThe false glideslope sits above the real ILS path at steeper angles - here's why it exists and how to avoid capturing it.
TowerRadio Hangar explores The VOR Minimum Operational Network, the Ground Stations the FAA Is Switching Off, and Why the FAA Is Keeping Just Enough of Them Alive to Get You Home When GPS Quits.
TowerRadio Hangar explores The One Two Three Rule, FAR Ninety-One Point One Sixty-Nine, and When an IFR Flight Actually Needs a Filed Alternate.
TowerHow Alaska legend Harold Gillam pioneered instrument flying, never lost a passenger for 15 years, and died in a 1943 crash.
TaildraggerHow to recognize a vacuum pump failure and fly partial panel using the turn coordinator and magnetic compass when the attitude indicator lies.
PatternLearn what approach chart symbols really mean - from the Maltese cross to terrain shading - and why Boldmethod's quiz is worth your time.
TowerLearn how to fly the parallel holding entry with confidence - when it applies, the exact steps, and why that backwards-feeling turn keeps you protected.
TowerFAR 91.171 requires a VOR check within the preceding 30 days for IFR nav - here are the 5 methods, tolerances, and logging rules.
TowerThe flight director draws command bars advising how to fly; the autopilot merely follows them. Here's how both work and how to fly them safely.
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